The whole bunch winemaking technique involves leaving the grapes on the stems during fermentation. The grapes are hand-harvested and carefully stacked in the fermentation vessel without damaging the berries. This maintains the integrity of the berries and then induces carbonic fermentation within the grape skin. This form of fermentation occurs inside the berry and in the absence of oxygen, thus the yeast is living only on the gas it creates. This results in wines with a lifted fruit aroma while maintaining the texture and further refining the tannin. The extraction is generally softer and more gradual, with the natural acidity of the wine remaining vibrant and expressive.